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Article History

Received: 9 September 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 29 June 2026

Competing interests

: (1) J.W.G. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (2) A.H.G. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (3) K.L. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (4) S.F. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (5) S.J. declares the following potential conflicts of interest: S.J. is a consultant for Roche Pharmaceuticals. (6) N.K. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (7) G.D. declares the following potential conflicts of interest: G.D. is on the scientific advisory boards of the Nonverbal Learning Disability Project, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ignite BioMedical, Tris Pharma and YAMO Pharmaceuticals; is a consultant for Guidepoint Global, LLC; receives funding for continuing education from University of California, Davis; and receives book royalties from Guilford Press, Oxford University Press and Springer Nature. (8) A.N. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (9) A.R.L. consults for Jaguar Gene Therapy. (10) S.J.W. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (11) F.S. declares the following potential conflicts of interest: F.S. consults for Definium Therapeutics (formerly MindMed) and has consulted for Roche Pharmaceutical Company and Janssen Research and Development. (12) C.S. declares the following potential conflicts of interest: C.S.’s salary is paid by the University of California, Los Angeles. C.S. has received research grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through multiple divisions, including the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA); the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); and the US Department of Veterans Affairs. She has served on technical experts panels for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Data Safety and Monitoring Boards for both academic institutions and Kaiser Permanente. C.S.’s husband receives ongoing royalty payments from Springer for his textbook, An Introduction to Statistical Learning. (13) J.D. declares no potential conflicts of interest. (14) J.C.M. declares the following potential conflicts of interest: J.C.M. consults or has consulted with Customer Value Partners, Bridgebio, Determined Health, Neumarker and BlackThorn Therapeutics, has received research funding from Janssen Research and Development, serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Pastorus and Modern Clinics, and receives royalties from Guilford Press, Lambert, Oxford and Springer.