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Article History

Received: 22 November 2025

Accepted: 3 August 2026

First Online: 7 September 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: T.J.A. has been a consultant and/or advisor to: MedLink Global. C.U.C. has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: AbbVie, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Autobahn, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Draig, Eli Lilly, Eumentis Therapeutics, Gedeon Richter, GH Research, Hikma, Holmusk, IntraCellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedInCell, MedLink Global, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharmaceuticals, Maplight, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neuraxpharm, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Neurosterix, NeuShen, Neusignal Therapeutics, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Orion Pharma, Otsuka, PPD Biotech, Recognify Life Science, Recordati, Relmada, Response Pharmaeutical, Reviva, Rovi, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, Servier, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris and Xenon Pharmaceuticals. C.U.C. provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck, Neurocrine and Otsuka. C.U.C. served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Compass Pathways, IntraCellular Therapies, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi. C.U.C. has received grant support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen and Takeda. C.U.C. received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option or stock holder of Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharmaceuticals, MedLink Global, Mindpax, Quantic, Terran. D.S. has served on the Viatris Quality Assurance Committee and received honorarium for independent educational talks from Servier, Viatris and Lundbeck. M.H. has been a consultant to or has received honoraria from Lundbeck and Otsuka. H.T. has participated in research projects funded by grants from Janssen-Cilag to her employing institution and has received honoraria from Gedeon Richter, Janssen, Lundbeck and Otsuka. J.T. has participated in research projects funded by grants from Janssen-Cilag to his employing institution. J.T. has served as a consultant to HealthCare Global Village, Janssen, Lundbeck, Orion Pharma, Teva and WebMD Global; given an expert testimony to Janssen; and has received honoraria from Janssen, Lundbeck, Orion Pharma, Otsuka and Teva; and received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Teva; all outside the submitted work. R.E.N. has, within the past 3 years, been an investigator for Compass Pharmaceuticals and Boehringer-Ingelheim for clinical trials and has received speaking fees from Lundbeck, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Janssen-Cilag and Boehringer-Ingelheim. M.S. has received honoraria/has been a consultant for AbbVie, Angelini, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck, Otsuka and Teva. T.P. has received speaker/consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Recordati, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Janssen, CNX Therapeutics, Sunovion, ROVI Biotech, Schwabe Pharma and Lecturing Minds Stockholm AB. T.P. receives book royalties from Wiley Blackwell and co-directs a company that designs digital resources to support treatment of mental illness. M.P.D. has received research support from Johnson and Johnson. Janssen, Shire/Takeda, Otsuka, Eli Lilly, IntraCellular, Vanda, Collegium, Ironshore, Sage, Alkermes, Myriad, Oui, Lundbeck and has received consulting/advisory board/honoraria from Myriad, Otsuka, Johnson and Johnson, Sage, Sunovion, Lundbeck, Alkermes and AGB Pharma. A.F.-J. has received an unrestricted research grant from Novo Nordisk A/S and is an unpaid member of a Novo Nordisk A/S advisory board. R.S.M. has received research grant support from CIHR/GACD/National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the Milken Institute; speaker/consultation fees from Lundbeck, Janssen, Johnson and Johnson, Alkermes, Neumora Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sage, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Purdue, Pfizer, Otsuka, Takeda, MindMed, Neurocrine, Neurawell, Supernus, Bausch Health, Axsome, Novo Nordisk, Kris, Sanofi, Eisai, IntraCellular, NewBridge Pharmaceuticals, Viatris, Abbvie and Atai Life Sciences. The other authors declare no competing interests.