Wang, Yuqin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-2487
Jang, Hyun-June
Topel, Max
Dasetty, Siva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-7980
Liu, Yining
Ateia, Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-5513
Tam, Aaron
Rozyyev, Vepa
Ouyang, Ellie
Zhuang, Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-7076
Pu, Haihui https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9862-786X
Lee, Sang Soo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-474X
Sui, Xiaoyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-3179
Elam, Jeffrey W.
Ferguson, Andrew L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-9726
Darling, Seth B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5461-6965
Chen, Junhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-1347
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Chicago
National Science Foundation (2315268, DMR-1828629)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357, Advanced Materials for Energy-Water-Systems (AMEWS) Center)
Article History
Received: 29 April 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Competing interests
: A.L.F. is a co-founder and consultant of Evozyne Inc. and a co-author of US patent applications 16/887,710 and 17/642,582, US provisional patent applications 62/853,919, 62/900,420, 63/314,898, 63/479,378 and 63/521,617 and international patent applications PCT/US2020/035206 and PCT/US2020/050466. J.C. is a founder and consultant of NanoAffix Science LLC. Neither Evozyne nor NanoAffix funded the research reported here. The other authors declare no competing interests.