Sun, Wen
Li, Tian
Wang, Zixuan
Xiao, Yunqi
Zhang, Panke
Wang, Kefan
Huang, Shuo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-7027
Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Competing interests
: S.H. and K.W. have filed patents describing the preparation of heterogeneous MspA and its applications (Application no. PCT/CN2022/124008, National Intellectual Property Administration, China). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.