Liu, Xiaojie
Tian, Yanpei
Xu, Wenhui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6853-0548
Boylan, Dylan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7068-6708
Deng, Pengfei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8497-8871
Du, Fengyin https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0901-2810
Ospina-Munoz, Natalia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-2602
Yang, Libin https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0367-4841
Niu, Zhenyuan
Langenhoven, Petrus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-6429
Han, Bumsoo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-1090
Nielsen, Steven O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-3313
Wan, Yinsheng
Qin, Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-8553
Dai, Xianming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5050-2867
Funding for this research was provided by:
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Lillian Gilbreth Postdoctoral Fellowship Program at Purdue University
National Science Foundation (MCB-2134603)
National Science Foundation CAREER Grant
Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Competing interests
: Technology related to this work is being commercialized by Watex LLC, a company founded by T.L. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.