Luchen, Charlie C.
Piedade, Gonçalo J.
Chibuye, Mwelwa
Simuyandi, Michelo
Chisenga, Caroline C.
Chilengi, Roma
Bosomprah, Samuel
Schultsz, Constance
Mende, Daniel R.
Harris, Vanessa C.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Amsterdam University Medical Center Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (2023159)
Track-AMR (LSHM23007)
Track-AMR (LSHM23007)
Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) VENI (09150161810022)
Wellcome Trust (219775/Z/19/Z)
Co-funding by PPP Allowance awarded by Health~Holland, Top Sector Life Sciences & Health GLORIA (LSHM21033)
National Institutes of Health (AI173360)
Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.