Wu, Qianying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2665-2205
Song, Miao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3323-9822
Ayoub, Jackie
Dunning, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-1208
Tian, Danyang
Moradi-Pari, Ehsan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-3196
Funding for this research was provided by:
Honda Research Institute USA
Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Competing interests
: This study was funded by Honda Research Institute, USA (HRI). E.M.-P. is an employee of HRI, M.S., D.T., J.A. were employees of HRI, and Q.W. was an intern of HRI at the time of the work. D.D. is a project collaborator at the University of Michigan. HRI determined the broader project direction, but did not participate in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.