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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 17 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: Mikey Biddlestone was employed as a freelance researcher by Moonshot in a research position supervised by Andrew Pel. Moonshot and Google Jigsaw had already developed and distributed the prebunking video content, and tested its efficacy in field studies on YouTube. To receive a clearer and more nuanced picture of the efficacy of these interventions, Andrew Pel supervised a project in which Mikey Biddlestone tested the efficacy of the prebunking videos in the lab studies reported here. Mikey Biddlestone coordinated and planned the studies and data collection, with suggestions and conceptualization input from the Moonshot and Google Jigsaw team members. Importantly, none of the Moonshot or Google employees placed any restrictions on the design, data collection and analysis, decisions to publish or preparation of the manuscript, beyond the requirement that this work was to be done in compliance with their data policies and to better understand the efficacy of the prebunking videos (i.e., through selection of potential moderators and survey questions). Although the seventh author now works as an independent, they were employed by Google at the time this data was collected and work was carried out, with the same role and input as all other Google employees. The other authors declare no competing interests.