Malcomson, Fiona C.
Shams-White, Marissa M.
Reedy, Jill
Huang, Wen-Yi
Moore, Steven C.
Loftfield, Erikka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-8748
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and Medical Research Council (NIHR304233)
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Revised: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All participants provided informed written consent. The Prostate Lung Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the human subjects review boards at the National Institute of Health.