Nair-Shalliker, Visalini
Bang, Albert
Radhika-Chand, Rani
Chiam, Karen
Patel, Manish I
Joshua, Anthony M
Greenfield, Jerry R.
David, Michael
Smith, David P.
Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Revised: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 3 February 2026
Conflict of interest
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Individuals gave written informed consent to take part in the study, including consent for follow-up through repeated data collection and linkage of their data to population health databases. Ethical approval for the conduct of the 45 and Up Study was provided by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee. Ethical approval for the present study was provided by the NSW Population & Health Services Research Ethics Committee (14/CIPHS/54).