Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Revised: 9 September 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Competing interests

: Over the past three years, Dr. Pizzagalli has received consulting fees from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Compass Pathways, Engrail Therapeutics, Neumora Therapeutics, Neurocrine Biosciences, Neuroscience Software, Sage Therapeutics, Sama Therapeutics, and Takeda; he has received honoraria from the American Psychological Association, Psychonomic Society and Springer (for editorial work) and from Alkermes; he has received research funding from the BIRD Foundation, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, Dana Foundation, DARPA, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, NIMH and Wellcome Leap MCPsych; he has received stock options from Ceretype Neuromedicine, Compass Pathways, Engrail Therapeutics, Neumora Therapeutics, and Neuroscience Software. Dr. Webb has received consulting fees from King & Spalding law firm. Dr. Baker has received consulting fees from Sama Therapeutics and Tetricus Labs, Inc. Dr. Baker is currently a Senior Editor at Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience. Dr. Pizzagalli’s, Dr. Webb’s, and Dr. Baker’s interests were reviewed and are managed by McLean Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. No funding from these entities was used to support the current work, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. The other authors declare no competing financial interests.