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Article History

Received: 5 September 2025

Revised: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 14 November 2025

Competing interests

: In the last 3 years, CIR has served as a consultant for Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Osmind, and Biogen; and receives research grant support from Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, a stipend from American Psychiatric Association Publishing for her role as Deputy Editor at The American Journal of Psychiatry, a stipend for her role as Deputy Editor at Neuropsychopharmacology, and book royalties from American Psychiatric Association Publishing. JF is supported by a UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/Y033876/1) and the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203308). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. JF has provided consultancy, speaking engagements and/or advisory services to Atheneum, Bayer, ParachuteBH Ltd, LLMental, Nestle UK, HedoniaUS and Arthur D Little, independent of this work. JT is a clinical adviser for Boeringer Ingelheim. JT is a senior editor for this journal, DPN. AS has been a consultant for Suntory Global Innovation Center. AS received honoraria from Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Nara Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwanese Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, European Science Foundation, National Science Foundation, Dartmouth College, and has travel support from Apple and Taiwanese Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research. AS received research funding from Meta, General Motors, Sony, POLA, and NEC. The other authors report no additional financial or other relationships relevant to the subject of this manuscript.