Yang, Ji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-0816
Dong, Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-4213
Zhang, Chunyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0465-5181
Zhang, Wentao https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7828-6096
Miscall, Joel
Brozena, Alexandra H.
Chen, Jiansong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-2352
Liu, Ning https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9079-9351
Li, Tangyuan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1232-0613
Liu, Fangyuan
Nascimento, Claudemi A.
Dantas, Beatriz
Zhang, Bohong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-8396
Mumtaz, Farhan
Liu, Zixiao
Liu, Shufeng
Du, Yiheng
Wang, Ziyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-6460
Pang, Zhiqiang
Liu, Dongxia
Huang, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8659-2910
Lima, Fernando V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-1826
Pan, Xuejun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-9342
Ju, Yiguang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-2075
Fu, Kelvin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4963-615X
Hu, Shu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-0169
Beckham, Gregg T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-212X
Hu, Liangbing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9456-9315
Article History
Received: 13 January 2025
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 22 July 2025
Competing interests
: L.H., J.Y., Q.D. and S.L. report a patent application titled ‘System, device, and method for converting plastics and natural macromolecules to useful chemicals’ filed on June 14, 2023, US application no. PCT/US2023/63508181. K.F. and C.Z. report a patent application titled ‘Process and system for additive manufacturing of carbon scaffolds’ filed on April 20, 2023, International application no. PCT/US2023/019227. The other authors declare no competing interests.