Xu, Longqian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-4909
Zhao, Bing https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0501-4754
Zhang, Xudong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-5368
Liu, Weifan
Rau, Daniel
Wu, Deli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8565-0779
Zhang, Wencai
Liu, Chong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-7888
Liu, Zhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-1017
Lin, Shihong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-9127
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2432584)
Water Research Foundation
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2565)
Article History
Received: 12 January 2025
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.