Li, Wen https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4512-0240
Zhang, Jing https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2575-5526
Nith, Romain
Yue, Jiping
Kamath, Ananth
Yang, Chuanwang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4463-3910
Wei, Chen
Lee, Brennan
Li, Pengju https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-4758
Tsai, Hsiu-Ming
Guo, Tiantian
Sun, Changxu
Kim, Saehyun
Shi, Lewis L.
Lopes, Pedro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6527-7084
Jin, Lihua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7812-9056
Tian, Bozhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0593-0023
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-24-1-0053)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R01EB036091-01)
National Science Foundation (CBET-2422962, MPS-2121044, CMMI-2403592)
Article History
Received: 28 January 2025
Accepted: 12 July 2025
First Online: 15 August 2025
Competing interests
: The work highlighted in this manuscript is the subject of a pending patent application filed with the USPTO and owned by The University of Chicago. B.T. and W.L. are the inventors. A company called hPad was established based on the work. The other authors declare no competing interests.