Landwehr, Grant M.
Vogeli, Bastian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7870-7311
Tian, Cong
Singal, Bharti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-5251
Zolkin, Kyle https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3950-3325
Martinez, Irene
Gupta, Anika https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1047-7400
Lion, Rebeca
Sargent, Edward H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-6495
Karim, Ashty S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-7715
Jewett, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-6211
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023278)
National Science Foundation
Article History
Received: 25 October 2024
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Competing interests
: G.M.L., B.V., A.S.K. and M.C.J. have filed an invention disclosure based on the work presented. M.C.J. has a financial interest in National Resilience, Gauntlet Bio, Pearl Bio, Inc., and Stemloop Inc. M.C.J.’s interests are reviewed and managed by Northwestern University and Stanford University in accordance with their competing interest policies. All other authors declare no competing interests.