Modi, Nisha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-6078
Nimiwal, Raghavendra https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4884-3134
Liao, Jane https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2092-4787
Li, Yitian
Bishop, Kyle J. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7467-3668
Obermeyer, Allie C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-2021
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2425337)
National Science Foundation (1848388)
National Science Foundation (2425337)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM138378)
SEAS Interdisciplinary Research Seed (SIRS) grant from Columbia Engineering
Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.