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Authors
Mohamed, Mona A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2721-5725
Banks, Melissa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-1340
Khazaee Nejad, Sina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-3051
Al-Shami, Abdulrahman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-7840
Soleimani, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-2829
Ma, Haozheng https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1964-8807
Amirghasemi, Farbod https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-4227
Ong, Victor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-4075
Mousavi, Maral P. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-7178
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIH (DP2GM150018)
NIH (DP2GM150018)
NIH (DP2GM150018)
NIH (DP2GM150018)
NIH (DP2GM150018)
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2024
Accepted: 10 June 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of de-identified human breast milk samples was reviewed and approved by the University of Southern California Institutional Review Board (IRB) under study protocol HS-23-00356. The IRB granted a waiver of informed consent under 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4) because the research involved only anonymized specimens obtained from a licensed biorepository (Mothers’ Milk), and no identifiable private information was accessible to the investigators. All procedures followed institutional and federal guidelines for human subjects research.
: Corresponding PI Maral Mousavi is an associate editor at npj Women’s Health. She was not involved in the review or editorial process for this manuscript. This manuscript underwent independent handling by another editor.
: All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
