Vander Donck, Leonore
Gehrmann, Thies
Ahannach, Sarah
Van den Bosch, Sarah
Hiel, Margo
Delanghe, Lize
Allonsius, Camille Nina
Cauwenberghs, Eline
Spacova, Irina
Oerlemans, Eline
Wittouck, Stijn
De Boeck, Ilke
Donders, Gilbert
Verhoeven, Veronique
Lebeer, Sarah
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1SD0622N, 1277222N, 12AZ624N, 12S4222N, S006424N)
European Research Council (852600, 852600, 852600, 852600)
Special research fund University of Antwerp, BOF (FFB523)
Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen (HBC.2020.2873)
inter-university special research fund of Flanders (POSSIBL, POSSIBL)
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (101213306)
Article History
Received: 23 May 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Competing interests
: S.L. declares to be a voluntary academic board member of the International Scientific Association on Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP, ), cofounder of YUN and scientific advisor for Freya Biosciences. The team of S.L. declares research funding or consumables for research from YUN, BioOrg, Puratos, DSM-Firmenich, Drylocks Technologies and Lesaffre/Gnosis. G.D. is the chairperson of Femicare vzw () and has worked as a medical consultant for various industries. None of these organizations or companies were involved in the design or data analysis of this study, which was fully funded by the university, governmental, and European funding. S.A. declares to be a voluntary member of the student and fellows association of ISAPP.