Odiase, Osamuedeme J.
El Ayadi, Alison M.
Nijagal, Malini A.
Bell, April J.
Suarez Vargas, Kattia
Diala, Prisca C.
Kang, Emma
Okorie, Chinomnso N.
Viega, Julia
Kapula, Ntemena
Jacobs, Garrett
Crockett, KaSelah
Afulani, Patience A.
Funding for this research was provided by:
California Preterm Birth Initiative (A133134, A133134)
California Health Care Foundation (A139605, A139605)
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (80229, 80229)
Article History
Received: 7 February 2025
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.