Nobles, Jenna
Cannon, Lindsay
Hwang, Sungsik
Malloy, Shannon
Noddin, Katie
Wilcox, Allen J.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD102207)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32 HD007014)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD047873)
Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: S.M. and K.N. are employees of Ovia Health by Labcorp and own stock in Labcorp Holdings. Ovia Health created the fertility and pregnancy apps from which the data for the analysis were sourced. Other authors have no competing interests to disclose.