Wu, Fangshuai
Shivakumar, Karthik R.
Konhauser, Kurt O.
Alessi, Daniel S.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2020-05289)
Future Energy Systems (FES T10-P06)
Article History
Received: 11 October 2024
Accepted: 19 June 2025
First Online: 16 September 2025
Competing interests
: D.S.A. is an Editorial Board Member of npj Materials Sustainability but is not involved in the peer-review process or decision making for this manuscript. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.