Hiew, Shack Yee
Teoh, Keat Bin
Wong, Hong S.
Banthia, Nemkumar
Yoo, Doo-Yeol
Funding for this research was provided by:
Yonsei University Research Fund (2024-12-0195)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-00558786)
Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Competing interests
: H.S.W. and D.Y. are Editorial Board Members of npj Materials Sustainability. H.S.W. and D.Y. were not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.