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Article History

Received: 21 May 2026

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 9 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, influenza virus vaccines and influenza virus therapeutics which list FK as co-inventor and FK has received royalty payments from some of these patents. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Castlevax, to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. FK is co-founder and scientific advisory board member of Castlevax. FK has consulted for Merck, GSK, Gritstone, Sanofi, Curevac, Seqirus and Pfizer and is currently consulting for 3rd Rock Ventures and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Dynavax on influenza vaccine development and with Sanofi on SARS-CoV-2 variant monitoring.