McAffee, Darren B.
Hu, Qiang
Arnob, Assame
Wu, Hung-Jen
Groves, Jay T.
Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no Competing Non-Financial Interests but have the following Competing Financial Interests: DBM and JTG are founders of ilytica LLC., which funded this study and owns rights to the underlying intellectual property (US Patent No. 11,680,900 and US Patent No. 12,411,138; JTG inventor). A provisional patent application on the image-based error-separation approach described in this manuscript has also been filed (US provisional patent application 63/858,983; DBM inventor).