Dost, Antonella F M https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-2409
Balážová, Katarína https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-6963
Pou Casellas, Carla
van Rooijen, Lisanne M
Epskamp, Wisse https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4772-2704
van Son, Gijs J F https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0572-3243
van de Wetering, Willine J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0311-978X
Lopez-Iglesias, Carmen
Begthel, Harry https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1888-9502
Peters, Peter J
Smakman, Niels
van Es, Johan H
Clevers, Hans https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3077-5582
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Respiratory Society (847462)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (847462)
Dutch Research Counsel (024.003.001)
Dutch Research Counsel (024.003.001)
Oncode Institute
Longfonds (BREATH 12.0.18.002)
Netherlands organisation for scientific research (024.003.013)
Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Revised: 11 March 2026
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: HC is an inventor on patents held by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences that cover organoid technology. He is currently Head of Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) at Roche, Basel, Switzerland. HC’s full disclosure is given at . HC is a member of the EMBO Journal editorial advisory board.