Wu, Yifan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-8323
Wang, Yadong
Tang, Yao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-3605
Xue, Jianchao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9818-9101
Jiao, Zichen
Li, Bowen
Wang, Sainan
Huang, Zhicheng
Zheng, Xiaoyi
Guan, Chenzheng
Wang, Daoyun
Li, Ji
Song, Lan
Fung, Ka Luk
Xu, Heqing
Li, Shanqing
Zhu, Liucun
Chen, Jian-Qun
Kerr, David J
Liang, Naixin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-4226
Wang, Qiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-9851
Chen, Qihan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-8434
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFC2701603)
Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ciências e da Tecnologia (0102/2024/AFJ)
MOE | Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (021414380507)
National High-Level Hospital Clinical Oncology fund (2022-PUMCH-B-011,2022-PUMCH-A-188)
Beijing Health Promotion Association (BJHPA-FW-XHKT-2020040400344)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Special Data Service for Oncology, and the National Population and Health Scientific Data Sharing Platform (NCMI-ABD02-201809,NCMI-YF02N-201906)
Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (Y-MSDPU2021-0190,Y-MSD2020-0270)
Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Revised: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: The authors declare no competing interests.