Sawai, Tsutomu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3806-0573
Ishida, Shu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-6086
Kobayashi, Chie https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5388-4549
Murase Ando, Yasuna https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1580-8445
Tsai, Daniel Fu-Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-8389
Yang, Ji Hyun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3590-9356
Lee, Ilhak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-8752
Lysaght, Tamra
Firdaus Bin Abdul Aziz, Mohammad
Savulescu, Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-6403
Funding for this research was provided by:
MEXT | JSPS | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London (JP24K00039, JP24H00813)
MEXT | JST | Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (JPMJRS22J4)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP24wm0425021)
Uehiro Foundation on Ethics and Education (UEHIRO2023-0124)
Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its Enablers and Infrastructure Support for Clinical Trials-related Activities Funding Initiative (MOH-000951)
National University of Singapore under the NUS Start-Up Grant (NUHSRO/2022/078/Startup/13)
Social Science Research Council (Singapore), administered by the Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its Social Sciences Research Thematic Grant (SSRC2023-SSRTG-006)
Article History
Received: 3 August 2026
Accepted: 6 August 2026
First Online: 19 August 2026
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: JS is a Bioethics Committee consultant for Bayer.