Foguet, Carles https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-9595
Jiang, Xilin
Ritchie, Scott C
Persyn, Elodie
Xu, Yu
Ben-Eghan, Chief
Taylor, Henry J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2088-5240
Di Angelantonio, Emanuele
Danesh, John
Butterworth, Adam S
Lambert, Samuel A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-008X
Inouye, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9413-6520
Funding for this research was provided by:
UKRI | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P020259/1)
UKRI | Science and Technology Facilities Council
British Heart Foundation (RG/18/13/33946)
British Heart Foundation (CH/12/2/29428)
British Heart Foundation (RG/F/23/110103)
British Heart Foundation (CH/12/2/29428)
NIHR | NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203312)
cambridgeuniversity | Cambridge BHF Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/1/34212)
Health Data Research UK
Wellcome Trust (227566/Z/23/Z)
UKRI | Economic and Social Research Council (ES/T013192/1)
UKRI | Medical Research Council
Department of Health and Social Care
Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates
Health and Social Care Research and Development Division
Public Health Agency
Article History
Received: 4 September 2024
Revised: 12 March 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2025
First Online: 2 April 2025
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: ASB reports institutional grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Novartis, Regeneron and Sanofi. JD serves on scientific advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Our Future Health and UK Biobank, and has received multiple grants from academic, charitable and industry sources outside of the submitted work. MI is a trustee of the Public Health Genomics (PHG) Foundation, a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Open Targets, and has research collaborations with AstraZeneca, Nightingale Health and Pfizer which are unrelated to this study.