Wu, Lina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-4752
Wang, Qingqing https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9011-5885
Hong, Xinyi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1308-034X
Cai, Xueer
Zhang, Litinghui
Li, Min
Wu, Mingkai https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4240-6845
Wood, Thomas K
Yan, Xiaomei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-6863
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21877091)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21934004)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21627811)
the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA0909400)
the Nature Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2022J01024)
Article History
Received: 6 May 2025
Revised: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): XY declares competing financial interest as a cofounder of NanoFCM Inc., a company committed to commercializing the nano-flow cytometry (nFCM) technology.