Shaw, Marian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-0798
Garg, Sadhya https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8410-1379
Kirby, Julia https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2107-9453
Schmidgall, Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-9337
Liguori, Filippo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-6953
Doshi, Anjali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3305-5502
Tu, Tao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-7938
Danino, Tal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2713-7659
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (NSF1847356)
Blavatnik Family Foundation (Blavatnik Fund for Innovations in Health)
NSF | National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-2036197; Fellow ID 2018264757)
Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Revised: 10 June 2026
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 16 July 2026
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: TD and MS are named as inventors on a provisional patent application related to this work that was filed by Columbia University with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. SS and TT and employees of Google DeepMind. The authors declare no other competing interests.