Llamazares-Prada, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-9374
Schwartz, Uwe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-2687
Pease, Darius F
Pohl, Stephanie T https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3531-6155
Ackesson, Deborah
Li, Renjiao
Behrendt, Annika https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8330-1632
Tamas, Raluca
Stammler, Vedrana
Richter, Mandy
Muley, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-0604
Scherer, Michael
Hey, Joschka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-764X
Espinet, Elisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0690-9878
Heußel, Claus P
Warth, Arne
Schneider, Marc A
Winter, Hauke
Herth, Felix JF
Imbusch, Charles D https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-551X
Brors, Benedikt
Benes, Vladimir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-2547
Wyatt, David
Jurkowski, Tomasz P https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2012-0240
Stahl, Heiko F
Plass, Christoph https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-3952
Jurkowska, Renata Z https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4507-2222
Funding for this research was provided by:
Boehringer Ingelheim
Cardiff University
Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF007\100176)
Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (82DZL004C4 82DZLT84C4)
Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (82DZL004C2 82DZLT84C2)
UKRI | Medical Research Council (Future Leaders Fellowship MR/X032914/1)
Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Revised: 17 December 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: RZJ, MLP, VS, US, RT, SP, and AB received research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG while employed at BioMed X Institute. HS and DWy are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG and receive compensation as such. TM received a research grant, non-financial support, and has patent applications with Roche Diagnostics GmbH outside of the described work. CPH holds stock in GSK; received research funding from Siemens, Pfizer, MeVis and Boehringer Ingelheim; consultation fees from Schering-Plough, Pfizer, Basilea, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Roche, Astellas, Gilead, MSD, Lilly Intermune and Fresenius, and speaker fees from Gilead, Essex, Schering-Plough, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Bracco, MEDA Pharma, Intermune, Chiesi, Siemens, Covidien, Boehringer Ingelheim, Grifols, Novartis, Basilea, and Bayer, outside the submitted work. HW received consultation fees from Intuitive and Roche.