Richardson, Sophie A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-7810
Safrastyan, Aram https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0325-6549
Karimpour, Mina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4169-0736
Gulati, Gayatri https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6377-060X
Harker, Patrick J B https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-8774
Redfern, Alan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8381-5624
Pearce, Simon P https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-5538
Makeev, Vsevolod J https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-9748
Brennan, Bernadette https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-0289
Lee, Alexander T J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-6811
Clipson, Alexandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4568-4173
Hill, Steven M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5909-692X
Dive, Caroline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1726-8850
Rothwell, Dominic G https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8757-3893
McCabe, Martin G https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-0707
Mouliere, Florent https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-0514
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK (CTRNBC-2022/100001)
Christie NHS Foundation Trust
Children's Cancer Research Fund (DIVE/2023)
Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Revised: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Disclosure and competing interests statement
: SMH, SPP, AC, CD, DGR and FM are co-inventors on patents related to cell-free DNA analysis. FM has consulted for Roche Dx. AC and FM have received support from Biomodal. CD has received research funding/educational research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Angle PLC, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carrick Therapeutics, Celgene, Clearbridge Biomedics, CV6 Therapeutics (NI) Ltd, Epigene Therapeutics Inc, GSK, Guardant, Menarini, Merck AG, Neomed Therapeutics, Novartis, RedX Pharma, Roche, Taiho Oncology, Thermo Fisher Scientific and UCB Pharma. CD has received honoraria for consultancy and/or advisory boards from Biocartis, Merck, AstraZeneca, GRAIL and Boehringer Ingelheim. ATJL has received honoraria and support with conference attendance from Alexion Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.