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Article History

Received: 30 October 2024

Accepted: 20 May 2025

First Online: 30 June 2025

Competing interests

: R.L., F.F., M.D. and C.E. do not report any competing interests. O.S. is listed as an inventor on the following patents: ('Display system having a circadian effect on humans', US8646939B2; 'Projection system and method for projecting image content', DE102010047207B4; 'Adaptive lighting system', US8994292B2; 'Projection device and filter therefor', WO2006013041A1; 'Method for the selective adjustment of a desired brightness and/or colour of a specific spatial area, and data processing device', WO2016092112A1). O.S. is a member of the Daylight Academy, Good Light Group and Swiss Lighting Society. O.S. has had the following commercial interests in the last two years (2023–2025) related to lighting: Investigator-initiated research grants from SBB and DFS. M.S. declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021–2025). Academic roles: Member of the Board of Directors, Society of Light, Rhythms, and Circadian Health (SLRCH); Chair of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of the Daylight Academy; Chair of Research Data Alliance Working Group Optical Radiation and Visual Experience Data. Remunerated roles: Speaker of the Steering Committee of the Daylight Academy; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Health and Digital Executive Agency of the European Commission; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Swedish Research Council; Associate Editor for LEUKOS, journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society; Examiner, University of Manchester; Examiner, Flinders University; Examiner, University of Southern Norway. Funding: Received research funding and support from the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Foundation, Max Planck Innovation, Technical University of Munich, Wellcome Trust, National Research Foundation Singapore, European Partnership on Metrology, VELUX Foundation, Bayerisch-Tschechische Hochschulagentur (BTHA), BayFrance (Bayerisch-Französisches Hochschulzentrum), BayFOR (Bayerische Forschungsallianz), and Reality Labs Research. Honoraria for talks: Received honoraria from the ISGlobal, Research Foundation of the City University of New York and the Stadt Ebersberg, Museum Wald und Umwelt. Travel reimbursements: Daimler und Benz Stiftung. Patents: Named on European Patent Application EP23159999.4A ('System and method for corneal-plane physiologically-relevant light logging with an application to personalized light interventions related to health and well-being'). C.C. has had the following commercial interests in the last two years (2022–2024) related to lighting: honoraria, travel, accommodation and/or meals for invited keynote lectures, conference presentations or teaching from Toshiba Materials, Velux, Firalux, Lighting Europe, Electrosuisse, Novartis, Roche, Elite, Servier, and WIR Bank. With the exception of the funding source supporting this work, O.S., M.S. and C.C. declare no influence of the disclosed roles or relationships on the work presented herein. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.