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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Competing interests

: G.G. reports that financial support was provided by the US Department of Energy. R.E. and A.S. report financial support was provided by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. G .G. reports a relationship with Litebook that includes consulting or advisory services. G.G. reports a relationship with Progressive Lighting and Radiometrics that includes: board membership and equity or stocks. G.G. has patent #10213619 B2, #10603507, #7678140 B2 and #8366755 B2 licensed to Litebook. G.G. has collaborated on projects and co-authored papers with colleagues at BIOS Lighting and f.lux. Other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., or the Department of Defense (DoD). References to non-Federal entities, trade names, commercial products, or organizations do not constitute or imply endorsement by USU, DoD, or the U.S. Government. This research protocol was reviewed and approved by the USU institutional review board in accordance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of humans in research (protocol# USUHS.2019-016). This work was prepared by a military or civilian employee (G.G.) of the U.S. Government as part of the individual’s official duties and therefore is in the public domain and does not possess copyright protection (public domain information may be freely distributed and copied; however, as a courtesy, it is requested that USU and the author be given an appropriate acknowledgment).