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Article History

Received: 7 October 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Competing interests

: C.G. has no competing interests to declare. M.S. declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021–2025). Academic roles: member of the Board of Directors, Society of Light, Rhythms, and Circadian Health (SLRCH); Chair of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of the Daylight Academy; Chair of Research Data Alliance Working Group Optical Radiation and Visual Experience Data. Remunerated roles: speaker of the Steering Committee of the Daylight Academy; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Health and Digital Executive Agency of the European Commission; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Swedish Research Council; Associate Editor for LEUKOS, journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society; Examiner, University of Manchester; Examiner, Flinders University; Examiner, University of Southern Norway. Funding: received research funding and support from the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Foundation, Max Planck Innovation, Technical University of Munich, Wellcome Trust, National Research Foundation Singapore, European Partnership on Metrology, VELUX Foundation, Bayerisch-Tschechische Hochschulagentur (BTHA), BayFrance (Bayerisch-Französisches Hochschulzentrum), BayFOR (Bayerische Forschungsallianz), and Reality Labs Research. Honoraria for talks: received honoraria from the ISGlobal, Research Foundation of the City University of New York and the Stadt Ebersberg, Museum Wald und Umwelt. Travel reimbursements: Daimler und Benz Stiftung. Patents: named on European Patent Application EP23159999.4A (“System and method for corneal-plane physiologically-relevant light logging with an application to personalised light interventions related to health and well-being”). Journals: M.S. is an Editorial Board Member of npj Biological Timing and Sleep and the Guest Editor of the collection “Light exposure in the real world”. M.S. was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. M.S. declares no influence of the disclosed roles or relationships on the work presented herein.