Updates are available Correction dated 2025-03-04

Article History

Received: 11 March 2024

Accepted: 26 June 2024

First Online: 2 August 2024

Change Date: 4 March 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44325-025-00047-9

Competing interests

: KCBT reports employment with the University of Hong Kong and speakers bureau for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Sanofi. EYFW has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, and ADAMS Limited Hong Kong non-executive director outside the submitted work. FTTL has been supported by the RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and ADAMS Limited Hong Kong non-executive director outside the submitted work. XL reported grants from Research Grant Council/Research Impact Fund, Research Grant Council/Early Career Scheme, Health and Medical Research Fund, Health and Medical Research Fund Fellowship Scheme, internal funding from University of Hong Kong Department of Medicine, startup funding from University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Jansson Educational Grant, Pfizer Investigator Initiated Research Grant; and personal fees from Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and ADAMS Limited Hong Kong non-executive director; all outside the submitted work. EWYC reports honorarium from the Hospital Authority; and grants from the Research Grants Council (RGC, Hong Kong), Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau, National Natural Science Fund of China, Wellcome Trust, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Amgen, Takeda, and Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, outside the submitted work. ICKW has received research grants from Amgen, Janssen, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer and Bristol-Myers Squibb and Takeda, Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia, The European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, Research Grants Council Hong Kong and Health and Medical Research Fund Hong Kong; consulting fee from IQVIA and WHO; payment for expert testimony for Appeal Court in Hong Kong; serves on advisory committees for Member of Pharmacy and Poisons Board; Member of the Expert Committee on Clinical Events Assessment Following COVID-19 Immunization; Member of the Advisory Panel on COVID-19 Vaccines of the Hong Kong Government; is the non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong; is the Founder and Director of Therakind Limited (UK), ADAMS Limited (HK), Asia Medicine Regulatory Affairs (AMERA) Services Limited and OCUS Innovation Limited (HK, Ireland and UK). CSLC has received grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, Pfizer, IQVIA, MSD, and Amgen, and personal fees from PrimeVigilance, and ADAMS Limited Hong Kong non-executive director outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.