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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 26 June 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Competing interests

: The Authors declare no Competing Non-Financial Interests but the following Competing Financial Interests: authors affiliated with MindMics, Inc. received salary or equity or both, while authors affiliated with Scripps Health were contracted to perform data collection; M.R. and J.A. are advisors to MindMics, Inc. and received the company’s stock options. Two patent applications most relevant to this study have been filed by MindMics, Inc., with A.B. and other MindMics affiliates including J.P. and M.R. listed as inventors. The first, US Patent No. 11,844,618 B2, titled “System and Method for Cardiovascular Monitoring and Reporting,” has been granted and covers the core methodology of using in-ear infrasonic signals for non-invasive monitoring of cardiovascular parameters, including blood pressure—central to the approach validated in this feasibility study. The second, US Patent Application No. US 20210401311 A1, titled “System and Method for Leak Correction and Normalization of In-Ear Pressure Measurement for Hemodynamic Monitoring,” was filed on December 20, 2021, and remains pending. It addresses signal correction techniques for mitigating acoustic leakage in the ear canal, which are critical to ensuring accurate biosignal acquisition and interpretation in the study’s signal processing pipeline. Both filings support the underlying technology evaluated in the present manuscript.