McDonald, Andrew
Gales, Mark
Rana, Bushra S.
Shun-Shin, Matthew
Lukban, Benito F.
Adrego, Rita
Papachristidis, Alexandros
Hajee, Fatima
Shapiro, Len
Wilson, Joanna
Prothero, Tony
Kennedy, Andrew
Myerson, Saul
Prendergast, Bernard
Bachtiger, Patrik
Kelshiker, Mihir A.
Peters, Nicholas
Steeds, Richard
Agarwal, Anurag
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S036644/1)
British Heart Foundation
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
National Institute for Health and Care Research
Article History
Received: 2 February 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Competing interests
: AM and AA are inventors (along with Dr Edmund Kay) on a patent application (granted US11883228B2, pending EP3761879A1, assignee: Cambridge Enterprise Ltd) related to elements of the neural network algorithms in this work. AA is a director and shareholder in Biophonics Limited. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.