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Authors
Li, Yan
Du, Pengcheng
Ren, Hongjin
Xi, Teng
Gao, Ke
Kang, Zhizhong
Sarvi, Majid
Zhang, Yuyang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China University of Geosciences (2-9-2024-075)
North China University of Technology (2025NCUTYRSP027)
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Competing interests
: M.S. is an Editorial Board Member of npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport but is not involved in the peer-review process or decision making for this manuscript. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.
