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Authors
Zackrisson, Anton
Engholm, Albin
Bengtsson, Tilde
Link, Steffen
Plötz, Patrick
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Trafikverket (Triple F 2023.6.2.1)
Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation (REEL 2)
Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation (REEL 2)
Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation (REEL 2)
Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation (REEL 2)
Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation (REEL 2)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: the authors conducted this study independently with funding from the Swedish program FFI, Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation, as part of the REEL project. Authors A.Z., A.H., and T.B. are employed at Einride, whose customer REWE provided the data used in this study. While Einride has a commercial interest in the topic, the analysis and interpretation were performed independently of Einride, its customer, and the funding bodies. The other authors do not have a competing interest.
