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Authors
Chapman, Jonathan A.
Frey, Andrew M.
Dueñas, Maria Emilia
Palmer, Jeremy M.
Masi, Andrea C.
Embleton, Nicholas D.
Trost, Matthias
Berrington, Janet E.
Stewart, Christopher J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (215542/Z/19/Z)
Wellcome Trust (221745/Z/20/Z)
Newcastle University
Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Competing interests
: N.D.E. and J.E.B. declare research funding paid to their institution from Prolacta Biosciences, NeoKare UK and Danone Early Life Nutrition for grants between 2016-2022. N.D.E. declares lecture honoraria from Nestle Nutrition Institute and Abbot nutrition and declares providing consultancy advice to legal firms involved in class action for infants developing NEC; all honoraria and consultancy fees were donated to charity. C.J.S. declares lecture honoraria from Nestlé Nutrition Institute. The remaining authors declare no conflicts.
