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Article History

Received: 28 July 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Competing interests

: Mark D. Muthiah: M.D.M has served as a consultant to Roche, Estella, and Gilead. He has been an advisor for LernaBio. M.M has received payment from speaking at Boston Scientific, Olympus Medical, Roche, and Astellas. He also serves as the CMO of LiverGENIX PTE LTD. M.D.M is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health through the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) Office, MOH Holdings Pte Ltd under the NMRC Clinician Scientist-Individual Research Grant (MOH-001228) and NMRC Clinician Scientist Award (MOH-001631), as well as the National Research Foundation, Singapore (NRF) under the NMRC Open Fund – Large Collaborative Grant (MOH-001325) and administered by the Singapore Ministry of Health through the NMRC Office, MOH Holdings Pte Ltd. Cheng Han Ng: C.H.N serves as the CEO of LiverGENIX Pte Ltd. Nicholas Syn: N.S serves as the CTO of LiverGENIX Pte Ltd Hirokazu Takahashi: H.T has received research grants from Astellas Pharma, AbbVie GK, and Sysmex. Vincent Chen: VLC received research grants from AstraZeneca, KOWA, and Ipsen, paid to the University of Michigan. Jonathan A. Fallowfield: J.A.F serves as a consultant and/or advisory board member for Resolution Therapeutics, Kynos Therapeutics, Ipsen, River 2 Renal Corp., Stimuliver, Guidepoint, and ICON plc, has received speaker fees from HistoIndex and Resolution Therapeutics and research grant funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Genentech. Timothy J. Kendall: TJK serves as a consultant or advisory board member for Resolution Therapeutics, Clinnovate Health, HistoIndex, Fibrofind, Kynos Therapeutics, Perspectum, Concept Life Sciences, Servier Laboratories, and Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and has received speakers’ fees from Servier Laboratories, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Astrazeneca, HistoIndex, and Incyte Corporation.