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Article History

Accepted: 19 December 2024

First Online: 3 February 2025

Competing interests

: J.L. and Z.D. are inventors on issued US Patents 11,289,689 and 11,984,577 for method of solvent-free manufacturing of composite electrodes incorporating radiation curable binders that are licensed to Ateois; they receive royalties for this invention. J.L. is an inventor on issued US Patents 8,845,768 and 9,527,044 for proton conducting membranes for hydrogen production and separation that are licensed to Redox Power Systems, and receives royalties for these inventions; is an inventor on issued US Patents 9,847,531 and 10,374,234 for current collectors for improved safety that are licensed to Soteria Battery Innovation Group, and receives loyalties for these inventions; is an inventor on US Patent 10,910,628 for fast formation cycling for rechargeable batteries and US Patent 11,362,333 for cobalt-free layered oxide cathodes that are licensed to SPARZ, and receives loyalties for these inventions; and is an inventor on US Patents 8,956,688 and 9,685,652 for aqueous processing of composite lithium-ion electrode material, US Patent 10,684,128 for batch and continuous methods for evaluating the physical and thermal properties of films, US Patent 11,065,719 for laser-interference surface preparation for enhanced coating adhesion, US Patent 11,791,477 for roll-to-roll SOFC manufacturing method and system, and US Patents 11,916,206, 11,996,557 and 12,068,472 for battery recycling. J.L. and Z.D. declare that they are inventors on US Patent 10,601,027 for manufacturing of thick composite electrode using solvent mixtures. R.T., Y.G. and X.L. declare no competing interests.