Ruan, Guilin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-7166
Todman, Fiona https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-0539
Yogev, Gilad
Arad, Rotem https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0084-1267
Smolinka, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8895-6303
Jensen, Jens Oluf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-7763
Symes, Mark D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-5240
Rothschild, Avner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-0370
Article History
Accepted: 11 April 2025
First Online: 12 May 2025
Competing interests
: G.Y., R.A. and A.R. are employed by H2Pro, a startup company that develops decoupled electrolysis technology for hydrogen production. A.R. is co-founder and advisor of H2Pro and an inventor on patents EP3221493A1, WO/2016/079746A1, US20170306510A1, JP2017526564A, IL258252A and IL300378A, which are related to the E-TAC process and membraneless systems. A.R. is an inventor on patent WO/2024/214098A1, which is related to the bromide/bromate process. M.D.S. is co-founder and a director of Clyde Hydrogen Systems, a company that develops decoupled electrolysis technology for hydrogen production based on solution-phase mediators. M.D.S. holds current funding from the EPSRC (UK) and two patents related to decoupled electrolysis. G.R. is an inventor on patent US20230407496A1, which is related to water oxidation processes. T.S. is an inventor on patents EP2201157B1, EP3090454B1, DE102019217722B3, WO/2009/024292A1 and WO/2024/105229A2, which are related to electrochemical generation of hydrogen, electrochemical cells stacking and a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser. J.O.J. is an inventor on patents US20160149229A1, WO/2020/065005A1, CA2775156A1, which are related to non-platinum metal and metal alloy nanoparticles catalysts for fuel cells and electrolysers. M.D.S. is an inventor on patents EP2776606B1, US20170297913A1 and US20230183868A1, which are related to hydrogen production. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.