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Authors
Tobelem, Luis Francisco Leiva
Santos, Filipe Nadir Caparica
Moraes, Fabio Ynoe
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Article History
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: F.N.C.S. provides paid consulting services to international medical graduates (IMGs) and to institutions involved in IMG assessment and examination processes, including the Medical Council of Canada; and served as Special Advisor on IMG matters to the Medical Council of Canada (March–October 2025). These activities are outside the submitted work. F.Y.M. and L.F.L.T. declare no competing interests.
