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Authors
Rutunda, Samuel
Williams, Gwydion
Kabanda, Kleber
Nkurunziza, Francis
Uwiduhaye, Solange
Rugegamanzi, Eulade
Nshimiyimana, Cyprien
Menon, Vaishnavi
Emmanuel-Fabula, Mira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-767X
Denniston, Alastair K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7849-0087
Liu, Xiaoxuan
Hezagira, Emery
Mateen, Bilal A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4423-6472
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 6 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. PATH is an international non-governmental organization (iNGO), organized under US law as a 509(a)(1) Public Charity and headquartered in Seattle. PATH advances global health through equitable partnerships with a range of organizations, including when appropriate for-profit entities. When PATH engages with any partner (private sector or otherwise), it does so in line with best-practice conflict-of-interest management practices designed to prevent, disclose and manage real or perceived conflicts. No partnerships undertaken by PATH related to this work entailed a pertinent conflict of interest.
