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Authors
Agweyu, Ambrose
Mwaniki, Paul
Musau, Wilkister
Korom, Robert
Isaaka, Lynda
Wanyama, Conrad
Kiptinness, Sarah
Adan, Najib
Emmanuel-Fabula, Mira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-767X
Mateen, Bilal A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4423-6472
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-068056)
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 10 March 2026
Competing interests
: R.K. and S.K. hold stock options in Penda Health. OpenAI (the proprietor of the LLM underpinning the CDSS evaluated in this study), provided in-kind support (in the form of cloud compute credits and guidance on how best to use the OpenAI API) to Penda Health for the development and optimization of the AI Consult tool. The decision to use OpenAI’s product was made before the offer of in-kind support. OpenAI had no role in the design or undertaking of the described study. The other authors declare no competing interests.
