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First Online: 5 June 2026

Competing interests

: G.S. served as Director of Communications at the WHO from 2019 to 2025; was previously Director of Media & External Relations at the Gates Foundation, a reporter and editor at The Wall Street Journal and a reporter at the Omaha World-Herald ; and currently consults for Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Global Health Strategies. Her work as a Research Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School’s Center for International Development is pro bono, as is her affiliation with Stanford. N.M. declares no competing interests.

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