Hefner, Simon
Stoffers, Philipp
Langenberger, Benedikt
Holstein, Alix
Garafolj, Miha
Klötzer, Christina
Herling, Carmen
Vucinic, Vladan
Henschler, Reinhard
Stern, Ariel Dora
Platzbecker, Uwe
Platzbecker, Anne Sophie
Article History
Received: 12 July 2025
Accepted: 24 April 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no direct financial or non-financial competing interests related to the content of this study. However, Merantix Momentum GmbH, represented by authors A.H. and M.G., was contracted and financially compensated by the academic investigators for the development and analysis of the machine learning models used in this study. Merantix Momentum GmbH is a private company specializing in artificial intelligence solutions. The involvement of its representatives was limited to methodological and technical contributions within the scope of this collaboration and did not influence the study design, data interpretation, or reporting for commercial purposes. A.S.P. serves on the Board of the German Society for Digital Medicine (DGDM). A.D.S. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Society for Digital Medicine (DGDM) and the Advisory Board of the Peterson Health Technology Institute and is a Research Fellow of the International Collaborative Bioscience Innovation & Law Programme (Inter-CeBIL program), which is supported by Novo Nordisk Foundation Grant NNF23SA0087056. All other authors report no affiliations, financial agreements, or other relationships that could present a potential conflict of interest.